Онлайн книга «Словесность Индии и Ирана. Сакральный текст и смеховая культура»
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E-mail: natankor@gmail.com Vedic śrauta ritual Sautrāmaṇi is a sacrifice to Indra Sutraman (sutrā́man – lit. «well-protecting» – an epithet of Indra). According to legends, the Aśvins (or Aśvins and Sarasvatī) cured Indra (who had violated the order of consuming soma) by means of Sautrāmaṇi sacrifice and caused him to be supplied with everything, as soma is everything. So Indra – «well saved» (sutrāta) – gave the model for this rite of atonement from excesses in soma consumption and/or for restoration of vital power, therefore he is also Sutrāman and the sacrifice is called Sautrāmaṇi. Myths associated with the Sautrāmaṇi sacrifice, were appearing since time of Rigveda, and connected with cutting off Viśvarūpa’s three heads and killing asura Namuci by Indra. Traditionally Sautrāmaṇi belongs to havir-yajña and includes animal sacrifice. Sautrāmaṇi is not the Soma sacrifice, but has its certain characteristics – the final bath and chanting of Samaveda sāmans. There are two slightly different types of Sautrāmaṇi – Carakā-Sautrāmaṇi, joining to Rājasūya, Agnicayana and Vājapeya rituals, and separate one – Kaukilī-Sautrāmaṇi. Sautrāmaṇi is performed during four days on one third of the Soma sacrificing altar. At the first three days the surā is prepared. At Kaukilī-Sautrāmaṇi on the first day are performed an animal sacrifice (bull or goat) for Indra, offering a caru for Ādityas, the bull and calf are given as dakṣiṇā. As at Soma sacrifice main ceremonies of Sautrāmaṇi are performed on the fourth day. The main offerings are three ladles of surā for Aśvins, Sarasvatī and Indra and three bowls of milk, which are identified with soma. The sacrifice includes a gray goat for Aśvins, a ram for Sarasvatī, a bull or ram for Indra and the fourth animal – a goat for Bṛhaspati – if the sacrificer vomited with soma or if intense purification with soma took place; there are final bath and another offering of a bull for Indra at the end of the ritual. Main feature of Sautrāmaṇi is the offering of the intoxicating drink surā. A description of its preparation is given only in śrautasūtras along with prescriptions for performing Carakā and Kaukilī-Sautrāmaṇi. These prescriptions could supply each other, but they are not always clear and sometimes may be even contradictory within the same text. Surā in Vedic śrauta rituals is associated with the Soma sacrifice, the offering of surā can be attached to the Soma sacrifice or can be its equivalent. The instructions for preparation of surā and the terminology associated with this process, as well as the words and purpose of many mantras indicate a tendency to imitate the sacrifice of soma. Only at Sautrāmaṇi surā is offering into the fire. Purified through ritual actions and mantras surā is identified with soma and offered into the fire, its remains may be consumed by the yajamāna or the invited brāhmaṇa. KEYWORDS:Sautrāmaṇi, Carakā-Sautrāmaṇī, Kaukilī-Sautrāmaṇī, Indra, soma, surā, śrautasūtras, śrauta ritual, Vedic sacrifices. Stone-Grass or Sintra Fruit: A History of a Phytonym Anastasia S. Krylova Research Associate, Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow, Russia). E-mail: krylova_anastasi@bk.ru |